Changing the Rate of Behaviors vs. Changing Emotion
Dog training can be divided into two main categories: (1) changing the frequency of behaviors and (2) changing underlying emotions. For example, teaching a dog to come when called fits into the first category, while reducing a dog’s fear of veterinary visits fits into the second. This overview explains both approaches and offers examples and practical tips.
Using classical conditioning to help a dog be comfortable with a muzzle
1) Changing the Frequency of behaviors: Operant Conditioning
Consider two common training goals: teaching a dog to Stay and reducing barking. Both involve changing the likelihood that each behavior will occur; we want Stay to happen more often and barking less often.
To adjust how often a behavior will occur, we use operant conditioning, a learning process based on consequences immediately following the behavior you want to change. This is the most common method taught in obedience classes and likely the one you’ve encountered before.
The premise is straightforward: behaviors followed by the delivery of good things become more likely; behaviors followed by the removal of good things become less likely. For example, rewarding a dog for Staying on cue increases the likelihood that your dog will Stay in the future. Conversely, if barking results in a brief time-out from play, the likelihood of barking will be reduced in the future.*
Example: Teaching a dog to “Go to Bed” is a clear case of operant conditioning. The trainer gives the cue—“Go to Bed”—and points to the bed. If the dog walks to the bed and lies down, the trainer immediately says “Yes!” and delivers a treat. This pleasant consequence of a treat increases the likelihood the dog will go to bed when cued in the future. Over repeated trials, the dog learns that performing the desired behavior reliably results in a reward, making it more frequent over time.
Illustration: A flowchart of a single operant conditioning training trial aimed at increasing a behavior
Example: How operant conditioning is used to increase the likelihood a dog will “Go to Bed” on cue
The form of training just described (i.e., operant conditioning) helps us change how often a behavior happens. That change in behavior frequency may be accompanied by a change in emotion, but the emotional shift is generally a byproduct rather than the goal. When we want to change emotions directly, we need a different approach, classical conditioning.
2) Changing Underlying Emotions: Classical Conditioning
A common goal for dog owners is to help their dog feel less afraid. Watching a dog cower and tuck its tail is hard because we don’t want our dogs to experience such strong fear. The most effective way to help in this situation is not to suppress the fear-based behaviors like cowering, but to address the fear itself.
When we change the dog’s underlying emotional reaction, the cowering and tail-tucking will naturally fade. This is done by teaching the dog that the once-scary thing now predicts something good. Over time, positive associations replace negative ones, the emotional state shifts, and the behavior follows. This process is called classical conditioning.
Unlike operant conditioning, classical conditioning doesn’t require the dog to perform a specific behavior. We simply present the trigger at a level where the dog remains comfortable, then follow it immediately with something the dog enjoys. All we need is for the dog to (1) notice the stimulus and (2) comfortably accept a reward.
Example: A dog wary of nail clippers may avoid them at first upon sight. But if the nail clippers consistently predict receiving chicken breast, a favorite treat, the dog may begin approaching the clippers instead of backing away. The underlying emotional association with the clippers shifted from negative to positive, and that drove a change in behavior (i.e., avoid to approach).
Illustration: A flowchart of a single classical conditioning training trial aimed at changing emotion
Example: Applying the trial flow to create a positive emotional response to seeing nail clippers
Choosing a Trainer
Dog training is a science. Operant and classical conditioning have been studied and applied since 1897 and 1938, respectively, and remain foundational to evidence-based training. Any trainer you consider should be able to explain these principles clearly and apply them effectively—and, importantly, you should feel empowered to ask.
“Leadership” and “dominance” are snake oil; science is what changes behavior.
Summary
Operant conditioning changes how often behaviors occur by using consequences to reinforce or reduce actions. Classical conditioning addresses the emotions behind those behaviors by building new positive associations.
Both are essential tools in behavior modification. Whether your dog faces behavioral or emotional challenges, understanding and applying these principles can help resolve issues and ease the stress that comes with them.
If you’d like support tailored to your dog’s needs, contact me for a free discovery call.
*This blog is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional training. For any behavioral concerns—especially those involving behavior reduction or emotional change—please consult a qualified, force- and fear-free professional. Improper application of behavioral modification techniques can significantly worsen the issues.
